Correlation between gender-based violence and poor treatment outcomes among transgender women living with HIV in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Transgender women are disproportionately affected by both HIV and gender-based violence (GBV), defined as physical, sexual, or emotional violence perpetrated against an individual based on their gender identity/expression. While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that GBV leads to poor HIV care and treatment outcomes among cisgender women, less research has examined this association among transgender women. We assessed the impact of lifetime experiences of GBV on subsequent retention in HIV care and laboratory confirmed viral suppression among a sample of transgender women living with HIV (TWH) in Brazil. METHODS: A pilot trial of a peer navigation intervention to improve HIV care and treatment among TWH was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil between 2018 and 2019. TWH were recruited and randomized into the intervention or control arm and participated in a baseline and 9-month follow-up survey and ongoing extraction of clinical visit, prescribing, and laboratory data. Generalized linear model regressions with a Poisson distribution estimated the relative risk (RR) for the association of lifetime physical and sexual violence reported at baseline with treatment outcomes (retention in HIV care and viral suppression) at follow-up, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 113 TWH participated in the study. At baseline, median age was 30 years, and the prevalence of lifetime physical and sexual violence was 62% and 45%, respectively. At follow-up, 58% (n = 66/113) were retained in care and 35% (n = 40/113) had evidence of viral suppression. In adjusted models, lifetime physical violence was non-significantly associated with a 10% reduction in retention in care (aRR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.22) and a 31% reduction in viral suppression (aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.11). Lifetime sexual violence was non-significantly associated with a 28% reduction in retention in HIV care (aRR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52, 1.00) and significantly associated with a 56% reduction in viral suppression (aRR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.79). CONCLUSION: Our findings are among the first to demonstrate that lifetime experiences with physical and sexual violence are associated with poor HIV outcomes over time among transgender women. Interventions seeking to improve HIV treatment outcomes should assess and address experiences of GBV among this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03525340.

A Co-Created Tool to Help Counter Health Misinformation for Spanish-Speaking Communities in the San Francisco Bay Area.

BACKGROUND: Health misinformation, which was particularly prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, hampers public health initiatives. Spanish-speaking communities in the San Francisco Bay Area may be especially affected due to low digital health literacy and skepticism towards science and healthcare experts. Our study aims to develop a checklist to counter misinformation, grounded in community insights. METHODS: We adopted a multistage approach to understanding barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Spanish-speaking populations in Alameda and San Francisco counties. Initial work included key informant and community interviews. Partnering with a community-based organization (CBO), we organized co-design workshops in July 2022 to develop a practical tool for identifying misinformation. Template analysis identified key themes for actionable steps, such as source evaluation and content assessment. From this, we developed a Spanish-language checklist. FINDINGS: During formative interviews, misinformation was identified as a major obstacle to vaccine uptake. Three co-design workshops with 15 Spanish-speaking women resulted in a 10-step checklist for tackling health misinformation. Participants highlighted the need for scrutinizing sources and assessing messenger credibility, and cues in visual content that could instill fear. The checklist offers a pragmatic approach to source verification and information assessment, supplemented by resources from local CBOs. CONCLUSION: We have co-created a targeted checklist for Spanish-speaking communities to identify and counter health misinformation. Such specialized tools are essential for populations that are more susceptible to misinformation, enabling them to differentiate between credible and non-credible information.

Anticipated Stigma and Social Barriers to Communication Between Transgender Women Newly Diagnosed with HIV and Health Care Providers: A Mediation Analysis.

Purpose: We assessed whether anticipated stigma (i.e., fear of public mistreatment due to gender identity) impacts communication between transgender women (TGW) living with HIV and health care providers. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of baseline data from Trans Amigas, a study conducted in Brazil, 2018. The study population consisted of TGW living with HIV, older than 18 years, residing in the São Paulo metropolitan area. We used multivariable logistic regression (α = 0.05), mediation, and bootstrapping for the analysis. Results: One hundred and thirteen participants completed the study. Fear of public mistreatment had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 7.42 (p = 0.003) for difficulty reporting new symptoms to providers. Concerning fear of public mistreatment, we found that unemployment had an aOR of 3.62 (p = 0.036); sex work, an aOR of 2.95 (p = 0.041); and issues related to name change in documents, an aOR of 2.71 (p = 0.033). For the indirect effect on difficulty reporting new symptoms, mediated by fear of public mistreatment, unemployment had an aOR of 1.52 (confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-2.24); sex work, an aOR of 1.48 (CI = 0.81-2.52); and name change issues, an aOR of 1.47 (CI = 0.96-2.43). Conclusions: Anticipated stigma was associated with communication difficulties between TGW living with HIV and providers. Our data suggest that structural factors associated with anticipated stigma could indirectly impact on difficulty reporting new symptoms. These findings indicate the importance of considering social contexts that intersect with individual experiences when analyzing communication barriers between providers and patients, and the need to strengthen social policies for TGW in Brazil. Clinical Trial Registration number: R34MH112177.

Factors associated with the retention of travestis and transgender women living with HIV in a peer navigation intervention in São Paulo, Brazil. / Fatores associados à retenção de travestis e mulheres trans vivendo com HIV em uma intervenção com navegação de pares em São Paulo, Brasil.

Travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) constitute the groups with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with higher probability of infection compared with the general population and lower adherence to prevention and treatment strategies than other vulnerable groups. Considering these challenges, this study describes the factors associated with the retention of TrTGW with HIV to the TransAmigas project. Participants were recruited from April 2018 to September 2019 in a public health service in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 113 TrTGW were randomly assigned to either a peer navigation intervention (75) or a control group (38) and followed up for nine months. To analyze the association between the selected variables and the outcome ("retention at nine months", regardless of contact at three months, defined by the "full completion of the final questionnaire"), bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Peer contact forms were qualitatively assessed to validate and complement the previous selection of quantitative component variables. Of the 113 participants, 79 (69.9%) participated in the interview after nine months, of which 54 (72%) were from the intervention group and 25 (66%) from the control group. In the final multivariate model, contact at three months (adjusted odds ratio - aOR = 6.15; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 2.16-17.51) and higher schooling level (≥ 12 years) (aOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.02-10.42) remained associated with the outcome, adjusted by race/skin color, age ≤ 35 years, and HIV serostatus disclosure. Future studies with TrTGW should include contact at regular intervals, with additional efforts aimed at participants with lower schooling level.

Travestis e mulheres trans (TrMT) pertencem aos grupos com mais alta prevalência do HIV no mundo, com maior probabilidade de infecção em relação à população geral e menor adesão a estratégias de prevenção e tratamento do que outros grupos vulneráveis. Considerando esses desafios, descrevemos os fatores associados à retenção de TrMT com HIV no projeto TransAmigas. O recrutamento ocorreu entre abril de 2018 e setembro de 2019, em um serviço público de saúde em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram inscritas 113 TrMT, atribuídas aleatoriamente para uma intervenção com navegadora de pares (75) ou um grupo controle (38) e seguidas durante nove meses. Para analisar a associação entre as variáveis selecionadas e o desfecho ("retenção aos nove meses" independentemente do contato aos três meses, definido pela "resposta completa ao questionário final"), foram empregados modelos de regressão logística bi e multivariados. Uma exploração qualitativa dos formulários de contato de pares foi realizada para validar e complementar a seleção prévia de variáveis do componente quantitativo. Das 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) responderam à entrevista de nove meses, sendo 54 (72%) do grupo intervenção e 25 (66%) do grupo controle. No modelo multivariado final, o contato aos três meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confiança - 95%CI: 2,16-17,51) e a maior escolaridade (≥ 12 anos) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permaneceram associados ao desfecho, ajustados por raça/cor, idade < 35 anos e revelação do status sorológico para HIV. Pesquisas futuras com TrMT devem incluir contato em intervalos regulares, com esforços adicionais voltados a participantes com menor escolaridade.

La población de travestis y mujeres trans (TrMT) está en los grupos con mayor prevalencia de VIH en el mundo, con mayor probabilidad de infección en comparación con la población general y menor adherencia a las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento que otros grupos vulnerables. Ante estos desafíos, describimos los factores asociados a la retención de TrMT con VIH en el proyecto TransAmigas. La selección ocurrió entre abril de 2018 y septiembre de 2019, en un servicio público de salud de São Paulo, Brasil. Se inscribieron 113 TrMT, a las cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a una intervención de navegador de pares (75) o a un grupo control (38) y se les dio seguimiento durante 9 meses. Para analizar la asociación entre las variables seleccionadas y el resultado ("retención a los nueve meses" independientemente del contacto a los 3 meses, definido por "respuesta completa al cuestionario final"), se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística bi- y multivariante. Se realizó una exploración cualitativa de los formularios de contacto de pares para validar y complementar la selección previa de las variables en el componente cuantitativo. De las 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) respondieron a la entrevista de los 9 meses, de las cuales 54 (72%) pertenecían al grupo intervención y 25 (66%) al grupo control. En el modelo multivariante final, el contacto a los 3 meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confianza - IC95%: 2,16-17,51) y un alto nivel de instrucción (≥ 12 años) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permanecieron asociados con el resultado, ajustado por etnia/color, edad < 35 años y divulgación del estado serológico respecto al VIH. Los futuros estudios con la población TrMT deberán incluir contacto a intervalos regulares, con esfuerzos adicionales dirigidos a las participantes con menor nivel de instrucción.

Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors.

OBJECTIVES: Identifying and mapping the literature regarding sexual violence against Brazilian boys and men, as well as describing its underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were: (a) surveys including data on sexual violence; (b) inclusion of boys or men as victims of sexual violence; (c) presenting statistical data on prevalence, underreporting, and factors associated with sexual violence among Brazilian boys and men. RESULTS: We found a total of 1,481 papers. Ultimately, 53 were included and had their data extracted. Most studies are quantitative in nature (n = 48). The total number of participants across studies was 1,416,480 and the prevalence of sexual violence ranged from 0.1% to 71%. It is important to note that underreporting statistical data was cited in several studies. The group with the highest prevalences was men who have sex with men and those with sexual dysfunctions. Increased tendency to drug use, social isolation, unprotected anal sex, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder were statistically significant predictors for having experienced sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the prevalence of sexual violence being high against Brazilian boys and men, this area of is surprisingly understudied and there are few studies with this exclusive scope. Social cultural issues, such as sexism, contribute to the underreporting of sexual violence. Additionally, we identified issues related to mental, sexual and reproductive health to be associated with sexual violence. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation and development of a structural infrastructure aimed at supporting boys and men who are victims of sexual violence, and preventing negative outcomes for this affected group.

Fatores associados à retenção de travestis e mulheres trans vivendo com HIV em uma intervenção com navegação de pares em São Paulo, Brasil / Factores asociados con la retención de travestis y mujeres transgénero que viven con el VIH en una intervención consultada por pares en São Paulo, Brasil / Factors associated with the retention of travestis and transgender women living with HIV in a peer navigation intervention in São Paulo, Brazil

Travestis e mulheres trans (TrMT) pertencem aos grupos com mais alta prevalência do HIV no mundo, com maior probabilidade de infecção em relação à população geral e menor adesão a estratégias de prevenção e tratamento do que outros grupos vulneráveis. Considerando esses desafios, descrevemos os fatores associados à retenção de TrMT com HIV no projeto TransAmigas. O recrutamento ocorreu entre abril de 2018 e setembro de 2019, em um serviço público de saúde em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram inscritas 113 TrMT, atribuídas aleatoriamente para uma intervenção com navegadora de pares (75) ou um grupo controle (38) e seguidas durante nove meses. Para analisar a associação entre as variáveis selecionadas e o desfecho ("retenção aos nove meses" independentemente do contato aos três meses, definido pela "resposta completa ao questionário final"), foram empregados modelos de regressão logística bi e multivariados. Uma exploração qualitativa dos formulários de contato de pares foi realizada para validar e complementar a seleção prévia de variáveis do componente quantitativo. Das 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) responderam à entrevista de nove meses, sendo 54 (72%) do grupo intervenção e 25 (66%) do grupo controle. No modelo multivariado final, o contato aos três meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confiança - 95%CI: 2,16-17,51) e a maior escolaridade (≥ 12 anos) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permaneceram associados ao desfecho, ajustados por raça/cor, idade < 35 anos e revelação do status sorológico para HIV. Pesquisas futuras com TrMT devem incluir contato em intervalos regulares, com esforços adicionais voltados a participantes com menor escolaridade.

La población de travestis y mujeres trans (TrMT) está en los grupos con mayor prevalencia de VIH en el mundo, con mayor probabilidad de infección en comparación con la población general y menor adherencia a las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento que otros grupos vulnerables. Ante estos desafíos, describimos los factores asociados a la retención de TrMT con VIH en el proyecto TransAmigas. La selección ocurrió entre abril de 2018 y septiembre de 2019, en un servicio público de salud de São Paulo, Brasil. Se inscribieron 113 TrMT, a las cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a una intervención de navegador de pares (75) o a un grupo control (38) y se les dio seguimiento durante 9 meses. Para analizar la asociación entre las variables seleccionadas y el resultado ("retención a los nueve meses" independientemente del contacto a los 3 meses, definido por "respuesta completa al cuestionario final"), se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística bi- y multivariante. Se realizó una exploración cualitativa de los formularios de contacto de pares para validar y complementar la selección previa de las variables en el componente cuantitativo. De las 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) respondieron a la entrevista de los 9 meses, de las cuales 54 (72%) pertenecían al grupo intervención y 25 (66%) al grupo control. En el modelo multivariante final, el contacto a los 3 meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confianza - IC95%: 2,16-17,51) y un alto nivel de instrucción (≥ 12 años) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permanecieron asociados con el resultado, ajustado por etnia/color, edad < 35 años y divulgación del estado serológico respecto al VIH. Los futuros estudios con la población TrMT deberán incluir contacto a intervalos regulares, con esfuerzos adicionales dirigidos a las participantes con menor nivel de instrucción.

Travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) constitute the groups with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with higher probability of infection compared with the general population and lower adherence to prevention and treatment strategies than other vulnerable groups. Considering these challenges, this study describes the factors associated with the retention of TrTGW with HIV to the TransAmigas project. Participants were recruited from April 2018 to September 2019 in a public health service in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 113 TrTGW were randomly assigned to either a peer navigation intervention (75) or a control group (38) and followed up for nine months. To analyze the association between the selected variables and the outcome ("retention at nine months", regardless of contact at three months, defined by the "full completion of the final questionnaire"), bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Peer contact forms were qualitatively assessed to validate and complement the previous selection of quantitative component variables. Of the 113 participants, 79 (69.9%) participated in the interview after nine months, of which 54 (72%) were from the intervention group and 25 (66%) from the control group. In the final multivariate model, contact at three months (adjusted odds ratio - aOR = 6.15; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 2.16-17.51) and higher schooling level (≥ 12 years) (aOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.02-10.42) remained associated with the outcome, adjusted by race/skin color, age ≤ 35 years, and HIV serostatus disclosure. Future studies with TrTGW should include contact at regular intervals, with additional efforts aimed at participants with lower schooling level.

Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors / Violência sexual contra homens no Brasil: subnotificação, prevalência e fatores associados

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Identifying and mapping the literature regarding sexual violence against Brazilian boys and men, as well as describing its underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were: (a) surveys including data on sexual violence; (b) inclusion of boys or men as victims of sexual violence; (c) presenting statistical data on prevalence, underreporting, and factors associated with sexual violence among Brazilian boys and men. RESULTS We found a total of 1,481 papers. Ultimately, 53 were included and had their data extracted. Most studies are quantitative in nature (n = 48). The total number of participants across studies was 1,416,480 and the prevalence of sexual violence ranged from 0.1% to 71%. It is important to note that underreporting statistical data was cited in several studies. The group with the highest prevalences was men who have sex with men and those with sexual dysfunctions. Increased tendency to drug use, social isolation, unprotected anal sex, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder were statistically significant predictors for having experienced sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS Despite the prevalence of sexual violence being high against Brazilian boys and men, this area of is surprisingly understudied and there are few studies with this exclusive scope. Social cultural issues, such as sexism, contribute to the underreporting of sexual violence. Additionally, we identified issues related to mental, sexual and reproductive health to be associated with sexual violence. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation and development of a structural infrastructure aimed at supporting boys and men who are victims of sexual violence, and preventing negative outcomes for this affected group.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Identificar e mapear a literatura referente à violência sexual contra meninos e homens brasileiros, bem como descrever sua subnotificação, sua prevalência e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo com buscas nas bases de dados: PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus e Web of Science. Os critérios de inclusão foram: (a) pesquisas que incluíssem dados sobre violência sexual; (b) inclusão de meninos ou homens como vítimas de violência sexual; (c) apresentassem dados sobre prevalência, subnotificação e fatores associados à violência sexual entre meninos e homens brasileiros. RESULTADOS Foram encontrados 1.481 trabalhos. No total, 53 foram incluídos e tiveram seus dados extraídos. A maioria dos estudos é de natureza quantitativa (n = 48). O total de participantes em todos os estudos foi de 1.416.480 e a prevalência de violência sexual variou de 0.1% a 71%. A subnotificação foi um aspecto citado em vários estudos. Entre os grupos com maiores prevalências estão os homens que fazem sexo com homens e com disfunções sexuais. Maior tendência ao uso de drogas, isolamento social, sexo anal desprotegido, ideação suicida, disfunções sexuais e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático foram alguns dos fatores associados. CONCLUSÕES A violência sexual contra meninos e homens brasileiros é pouco estudada e existem poucos estudos com esse recorte exclusivo, apesar da prevalência de a violência sexual ser alta. Questões culturais, como o machismo, contribuem para a subnotificação da violência sexual. Em relação aos fatores associados, identificamos questões relacionadas à saúde mental, sexual e reprodutiva. Recomenda-se que seja estruturado acolhimento para meninos e homens vítimas de violência sexual, prevenindo ou minimizando desfechos negativos.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Factors Associated With Sexual Violence in Adulthood Among Brazilian MSM.

Most studies of sexual violence are with women, and although men who have sex with men (MSM) is the group of the men that has been most investigated for sexual violence, there are still several questions to be answered about sexual violence and sexual revictimization among MSM. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of sexual violence in different stages of life and identify factors associated with sexual violence in adulthood among Brazilian MSM. We conducted an analysis with data from the study conducted in 2016 with 4,176 MSM from 12 Brazilian cities recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS), who answered a survey to a set of questions, among which some specific about sexual violence. Most participants were under 25 years old (56.5%), with more than 12 years of schooling (71.2%), mixed race (40.8%), single (86.2%), and belonging to some religion (50.9%). The lifetime prevalence of sexual violence was 20.3%. In our analyses, having experienced sexual violence in childhood and adolescence increased the odds of experiencing sexual violence in adulthood (prevalence ratio ratios [PRR] 4.93 (95% CI [1.99, 12.21]), as did experiencing physical violence (PRR 1.99; 95% CI [1.07, 3.71]) and receiving money for sex (PRR 2.26; 95% CI [1.17, 4.36]). In addition to violence in childhood and adolescence being risk factors for sexual violence in adulthood, we also observed that half of the sample experienced sexual violence repeatedly, characterizing sexual revictimization. It is important that health services are prepared to receive boys and men victims in order to reduce the chances of revictimization and other outcomes.

Peer Navigation to Support Transgender Women's Engagement in HIV Care: Findings from the Trans Amigas Pilot Trial in São Paulo, Brazil.

Trans women living with HIV (TWH) have suboptimal HIV care engagement. We pilot tested Trans Amigas, a theory-based, trans-specific peer navigation (PN) intervention to address barriers to care in São Paulo, Brazil. TWH were randomized to the PN intervention (n = 75) or control (n = 38) condition. Control participants were referred to trans-friendly HIV care. Intervention participants were assigned a navigator who conducted nine in-person one-on-one sessions and bi-weekly phone or text check-ins to help participants overcome barriers to care and work towards gender affirmation and healthcare goals. We followed participants for 9 months to determine intervention feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in improving retention in care. Analyses were intention to treat (ITT). Intervention acceptability was high: at end line, 85.2% of PN participants said they would continue receiving services and 94.4% would recommend peer navigation to a friend. A priori feasibility criteria were met: 92% of eligible participants enrolled and 70% were retained at 9 months; however, only 47% achieved moderate or better adherence to both in-person and phone/text program components. Though the pilot was not powered for efficacy, ITT findings trended toward significance, with intervention participants 40% more likely to be retained in care at the end of the study. Population-specific peer programming to support care engagement is acceptable, feasible, and can improve HIV outcomes for Trans women living with HIV.

RESUMEN: Las mujeres transgénero que viven con VIH (MTV) tienen una participación subóptima en la atención del VIH. Nosotros evaluamos el programa piloto "Trans Amigas", una intervención de navegación (o acompañamiento) de pares (NP) basada en un marco teórico, diseñado específicamente para mujeres transgénero, para abordar las dificultades de acceso a la salud en São Paulo, Brasil. MTV fueron asignadas de manera aleatoria a la intervención (n = 75) o a la condición de control (n = 38). Las participantes del grupo control fueron referidas a una unidad con servicios especializados para MTV. Las participantes en la intervención fueron asignadas a una navegadora, quien realizó nueve sesiones individuales en persona, así como llamadas telefónicas o mensajes de texto cada dos semanas para ayudar a las participantes a superar las barreras de acceso a la atención médica y avanzar hacia sus metas de afirmación de género y de salud. Seguimos a las participantes durante nueve meses para determinar factibilidad, aceptabilidad y eficacia preliminar en la retención en los servicios médicos. Usamos análisis por intención de tratar (AIT). La aceptabilidad de la intervención fue alta: 85.2% de las participantes NP dijeron que les gustaría seguir recibiendo los servicios NP, y 94.4% recomendarían NP a una amiga. El criterio de factibilidad a priori fue alcanzado: 92% de las participantes eligibles se inscribió y el 70% continuó por nueve meses. Sin embargo, solo el 47% alcanzó una adherencia moderada o alta tanto a las visitas en persona como a los mensajes de texto/llamadas telefónicas. Aunque el estudio piloto no tuvo el poder necesario para evaluar eficacia, el AIT reveló una tendencia hacia la significancia de que las participantes de la intervención tuvieran uma retención en la atención médica un 40% mayor. Los programas NP que apoyan el la participación en la atención del VIH, diseñados especificamente para la población, son aceptables, factibles, y pueden mejorar la situación de salud de las mujeres transgénero que viven con VIH.

Young age and sex work are associated with HIV seroconversion among transgender women in São Paulo, Brazil

Background: Transgender women worldwide have among the highest prevalence of HIV and the lowest access to prevention among groups at risk. However, few longitudinal studies have directly measured HIV incidence and identified predictors of HIV acquisition among transgender women. Setting: São Paulo, Latin America's largest city. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study among transgender women in São Paulo. Participants were recruited by a long-chain peer referral process from May 2017 to July 2019. Those age 18 years and older and HIV-negative at baseline were retested every 6 months up to 18 months. HIV incidence was calculated by dividing the number of seroconversions by the person-years (py) of follow-up; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were constructed assuming a Poisson distribution. Conditional maximum likelihood ratios assessed differences in HIV incidence by risk factors. Results: A racial/ethnically diverse sample of 545 transgender women were enrolled. In 485.5 py of follow-up, 13 seroconversions were observed yielding an incidence of 2.68 per 100 py (95% CI 1.43­4.58). HIV incidence was significantly higher among transgender women age 18 to 24 years (rate ratio 3.85, 95% CI 1.24­12.93) and among those who engaged in sex work in the preceding month (rate ratio 5.90, 95% CI 1.71­26.62). Conclusion: HIV transmission continues at a high rate among transgender women in Brazil. Factors such as young age, lower level of education, and limited employment opportunities may lead to dependence upon sex work which in turn increase HIV risk. Transgender-friendly prevention services, particularly programs delivering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are urgently needed.

Bailão: Trajetórias, sociabilidades e geração entre homens com condutas homossexuais em São Paulo / Bailão: Trajectories, sociability and generation among men with homosexual conducts in São Paulo / Bailão: Trayectorias, sociabilidades y generación entre hombres con conductas homosexuales en São Paulo

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir homossexualidade masculina e geração a partir de uma análise crítica de Bailão, curta-metragem documental lançado em 2009. Com base nos discursos dos entrevistados, exploramos suas trajetórias e regimes de visibilidade, considerando-os como representativos de uma geração que atravessou mudanças profundas no que concerne à homossexualidade masculina no Brasil e, em especial, na cidade de São Paulo. Em seguida, debruçamo-nos sobre eventos que marcaram o início de uma visibilidade positiva para homens homossexuais a partir da década de 1970, bem como a epidemia de Aids na década seguinte. Concluímos com a percepção de que não se trata meramente de um filme sobre a danceteria que o intitula mas, acima de tudo, sobre uma miríade de subjetividades e acontecimentos cuja importância para o segmento populacional analisado não deve ser subestimada.

Abstract: This article discusses male homosexuality and generation based on a critical review of Bailão, a short documentary released in 2009, through an analysis of its interviews. The trajectories narrated by the interviewees and its visibility regimes are explored as representatives of a generation that underwent profound changes regarding male homosexuality in Brazil and, most especially, in the city of São Paulo. We take an in-depth look at events that marked the beginning of a positive visibility for homosexual men starting in the 1970s, as well as the AIDS epidemic in the following decade are. We conclude with the perception that Bailão is not merely a movie about the nightclub for which it is named but, above all, about a wide range of subjectivities and events not to be underestimated in its importance for the population analyzed.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir homosexualidad masculina y generación a partir de un análisis crítico de Bailão, cortometraje documental lanzado en 2009. A partir de los discursos de los entrevistados, exploramos sus trayectorias y regímenes de visibilidad, considerándolos como representativos de una generación que pasó por cambios profundos en lo concerniente a la homosexualidad masculina en Brasil y, en especial, en la ciudad de São Paulo. Posteriormente, nos ocupamos de los eventos que marcaron el inicio de una visibilidad positiva para hombres homosexuales a partir de la década de 1970, así como de la epidemia de HIV/Sida en la década siguiente. Concluimos apuntando que no se trata de una película solamente sobre la discoteca homónima, sino, antes que nada, sobre un amplio espectro de subjetividades y de acontecimientos cuya importancia para el segmento poblacional analizado no debe ser subestimada.

[Use of industrial liquid silicone to transform the body: prevalence and factors associated with its use among transvestites and transsexual women in São Paulo, Brazil]. / Silicone líquido industrial para transformar o corpo: prevalência e fatores associados ao seu uso entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em São Paulo, Brasil.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of use of industrial liquid silicone (ILS) among transvestite persons and transsexual women and identify associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study in seven municipalities in São Paulo State, Brazil, with data collected in 2014 and 2015 in a sample of 576 individuals. Analysis of the associated factors used a Poisson model with robust variance to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Prevalence of use of ILS was 49%, mean age at first injection of ILS was 22 (± 5.3) years, and 43% reported health problems resulting from its use. Having less than a university education, age 20 years and older, self-identification as transvestite, and sex work were positively associated with use of ILS according to the multivariate model. There was a high prevalence of ILS use and resulting health problems, indicating the need to prevent its use and reduce the resulting health problems. It is thus essential to ensure access to the necessary resources for body changes during transition through comprehensive care for transvestites and transsexual persons in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Finally, health policies should include demands for body changes as part of gender identity construction, respecting each person's unique needs in this transition process.

Silicone líquido industrial para transformar o corpo: prevalência e fatores associados ao seu uso entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em São Paulo, Brasil / Use of industrial liquid silicone to transform the body: prevalence and factors associated with its use among transvestites and transsexual women in São Paulo, Brazil / Silicona líquida industrial para transformar el cuerpo: prevalencia y factores asociados a su uso entre travestis y mujeres transexuales en São Paulo, Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência do uso de silicone líquido industrial (SLI) entre pessoas travestis e mulheres transexuais e identificar os fatores relacionados a esta prática. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em sete municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com dados coletados entre 2014 e 2015, em uma amostra de 576 pessoas. Na análise dos fatores associados, utilizamos o modelo de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar as razões de prevalências bruta e ajustada. A prevalência do uso de SLI foi de 49%, a média de idade para a primeira colocação de SLI foi de 22 (± 5,3) anos e aproximadamente 43% informaram a ocorrência de problemas de saúde decorrente do uso. No modelo múltiplo ter escolaridade menor que o nível superior, estar em faixa etária a partir dos 20 anos, identificar-se como travesti e exercer a prostituição foram associados positivamente com a utilização de SLI. Houve uma elevada prevalência do uso de SLI e de problemas decorrentes desta prática, indicando um desafio acerca da prevenção do uso e da redução dos danos à saúde provocados pelo SLI. Dessa forma, torna-se fundamental assegurar o acesso aos recursos necessários para a realização das modificações corporais ao longo do percurso de transição por meio de uma atenção integral à saúde das pessoas travestis e transexuais no Sistema Único de Saúde. Finalmente, incluir nas políticas de saúde as demandas por modificações corporais como parte da construção da identidade de gênero, respeitando as necessidades singulares de cada pessoa neste processo de transição.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of use of industrial liquid silicone (ILS) among transvestite persons and transsexual women and identify associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study in seven municipalities in São Paulo State, Brazil, with data collected in 2014 and 2015 in a sample of 576 individuals. Analysis of the associated factors used a Poisson model with robust variance to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Prevalence of use of ILS was 49%, mean age at first injection of ILS was 22 (± 5.3) years, and 43% reported health problems resulting from its use. Having less than a university education, age 20 years and older, self-identification as transvestite, and sex work were positively associated with use of ILS according to the multivariate model. There was a high prevalence of ILS use and resulting health problems, indicating the need to prevent its use and reduce the resulting health problems. It is thus essential to ensure access to the necessary resources for body changes during transition through comprehensive care for transvestites and transsexual persons in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Finally, health policies should include demands for body changes as part of gender identity construction, respecting each person's unique needs in this transition process.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia del uso de silicona líquida industrial (SLI) entre personas travestis y mujeres transexuales e identificar los factores relacionados con esta práctica. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado en siete municipios del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con datos recogidos entre 2014 y 2015, en una muestra de 576 personas. En el análisis de los factores asociados, utilizamos el modelo de Poisson con variancia robusta para estimar las razones de prevalencias bruta y ajustada. La prevalencia del uso de SLI fue de un 49%, la media de edad para la primera colocación de SLI fue de 22 (± 5,3) años y, aproximadamente, un 43% informaron la ocurrencia de problemas de salud derivada de su uso. En el modelo múltiple tener escolaridad inferior al nivel superior, estar en una franja de edad a partir de los 20 años, identificarse como travesti y ejercer la prostitución estuvieron asociados positivamente con la utilización de SLI. Hubo una elevada prevalencia del uso de SLI y de problemas derivados de esta práctica, indicando un desafío acerca de la prevención del uso y de la reducción de los daños a la salud provocados por el SLI. De esta forma, es perentorio asegurar el acceso a los recursos necesarios para la realización de las modificaciones corporales a lo largo de la duración de esta transición, mediante una atención integral a la salud de las personas travestis y transexuales en el Sistema Único de Salud. Finalmente, incluir en las políticas de salud las solicitudes de modificaciones corporales como una parte de la construcción de la identidad de género, respetando las necesidades singulares de cada persona en este proceso de transición.

Quando o armário é aberto: visibilidade e estratégias de manipulação no coming out de homens homossexuais / When the wardrobe is open: visibility and manipulating strategies in coming out of gay men

A partir de nove entrevistas semi-estruturadas, conduzidas entre os meses de abril e outubro de 2008 com homens homossexuais entre vinte e seis e quarenta e dois anos de idade, oriundos de camadas médias e médias baixas do Rio de Janeiro e adjacências, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender as maneiras pelas quais estes indivíduos se descobrem atraídos por pessoas do mesmo sexo e buscam meios de lidar com esse desejo. Ao mesmo tempo, procura entender como essa diferença se desloca do plano subjetivo e fala de si, o que é conhecido como sair do armário ou fazer o coming out, processo que parece ocorrer de modo descontínuo e incompleto, na medida em que estratégias de manipulação e ocultamento da orientação sexual freqüentemente se mostram necessárias perante os diversos círculos de sociabilidade nos quais se transita regularmente, dentre os quais a família, o ambiente de trabalho e os amigos. A análise do discurso dos informantes, aliada a uma fundamentação teórica de cunho majoritariamente sócio-antropológico, permitiu depreender que há um anseio por reconhecimento, aceitação e respeito. Observou-se também a existência de certos mapeamentos, que abrangem preocupações com a aparência, controle de gestos e manifestações de afeto e a evitação de lugares tidos como hostis ou pouco tolerantes, visando a uma redução dos riscos de discriminação e violência.